use the SALE method to simulate the penetration of a spherical high-pressure gas

- June 21, 2026 at 7:13 am
  
  1595304812
  Subscriber
  
  I am trying to use the SALE method to simulate the penetration of a spherical high-pressure gas cylinder by a projectile. However, I encountered the following error:
  “forrtl:severe (157): program exception-access violation”
  The simulation behaves normally when the projectile enters the cylinder, and no leakage occurs at that stage. However, when the projectile exits from inside the cylinder, the calculation crashes with the above exception as soon as the projectile just touches, or is about to touch, the inner surface of the cylinder on the exit side。
  The model details are as follows:The model is a 1/4 symmetric model, using the mm-ton-N-s unit system. The projectile consists of an aluminum core and a copper jacket. The cylinder body has two layers. The meshes of the two cylinder parts share common nodes at the interface. Both cylinder layers are made of titanium alloy.
  All solid parts are modeled with solid elements and use *MAT_JOHNSON_COOK together with *EOS_GRUNEISEN. The solid mesh size is 0.5 mm.The gas is modeled using *MAT_NULL with*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL.
  I used *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH_VOLUME_FILLING to initialize the entire S-ALE background mesh as “airout”,with:RO=1.225e-12,C4=0.4,E0=0.25 which corresponds to a pressure of about 0.1 MPa.The region inside the cylinder, bounded by the inner surface of the cylinder, was initialized as “airin”, with:RO=1.225e-10,C4=0.4, E0=25 which corresponds to a pressure of about 10 MPa.
  I used three *ALE_STRUCTURED_FSI definitions:
  1. coupling between “airin”. and the outer cylinder layer;
  2. coupling between “airin”. and the inner cylinder layer;
  3. coupling between the projectile and “airin”.
  For the first two FSI definitions, the “PFAC” value is defined through a user-defined curve for leakage control. For the projectile–airin coupling, “PFAC” is kept as the default value of 0.1.
  I also tried a penetration-only case without the fluid domain, and that model could reach normal termination.
- June 21, 2026 at 7:14 am
  
  1595304812
  Subscriber
  
  *KEYWORD
  *TITLE
  $# title
  LS-DYNA keyword deck by LS-PrePost
  *CONTROL_ALE
  $# dct nadv meth afac bfac cfac dfac efac
  -1 1 -2 -1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  $# start end aafac vfact prit ebc pref nsidebc
  0.01.00000E20 0.01.00000E-6 0 0 0.0 0
  $# ncpl nbkt imascl checkr beamin mmgpref pdifmx dtmufac
  1 50 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
  $# optimpp ialedr bndflx minmas
  0 0 01.00000E-5
  *CONTROL_CONTACT
  $# slsfac rwpnal islchk shlthk penopt thkchg orien enmass
  0.1 0.0 1 0 1 0 1 0
  $# usrstr usrfrc nsbcs interm xpene ssthk ecdt tiedprj
  0 0 0 0 4.0 0 0 0
  *CONTROL_ENERGY
  $# hgen rwen slnten rylen irgen maten drlen disen
  2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
  *CONTROL_TERMINATION
  $# endtim endcyc dtmin endeng endmas nosol
  2.00000E-4 0 0.0 0.01.000000E8 0
  *CONTROL_TIMESTEP
  $# dtinit tssfac isdo tslimt dt2ms lctm erode ms1st
  0.0 0.67 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
  *DATABASE_GLSTAT
  $# dt binary lcur ioopt
  1.00000E-6 0 0 1
  *DATABASE_MATSUM
  $# dt binary lcur ioopt
  1.00000E-6 0 0 1
  *DATABASE_RCFORC
  $# dt binary lcur ioopt
  1.00000E-6 0 0 1
  *DATABASE_SPCFORC
  $# dt binary lcur ioopt
  1.00000E-6 0 0 1
  *DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
  $# dt lcdt beam npltc psetid
  1.00000E-6 0 0 0 0
  *DATABASE_BINARY_FSIFOR
  $# dt lcdt beam npltc psetid cid
  1.00000E-6 0 0 0 0 0
  *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
  $# neiph neips maxint strflg sigflg epsflg rltflg engflg
  10 0 3 0 1 1 1 1
  $# cmpflg ieverp beamip dcomp shge stssz n3thdt ialemat
  0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1
  $# nintsld pkp_sen sclp hydro msscl therm intout nodout
  0 0 1.0 0 0 0
  $# dtdt resplt neipb quadsld cubsld deleres
  0 0 0 0 0 0
  *DATABASE_FORMAT
  $# iform ibinary
  0 0
  *DATABASE_FSI
  $# dtout binary
  1.00000E-6 1
  $#dbfsi_id sid sidtype swid convid ndsetid cid
  1 22 1 0 0 0 0
  2 21 1 0 0 0 0
  *BOUNDARY_SALE_MESH_FACE
  $# bctype mshid negx posx negy posy negz posz
  SYM 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
  NONREFL 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
  *BOUNDARY_SPC_SET
  $# nsid cid dofx dofy dofz dofrx dofry dofrz
  1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
  *SET_NODE_LIST_TITLE
  X
  $# sid da1 da2 da3 da4 solver its -
  1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0MECH 1
  *BOUNDARY_SPC_SET_ID
  $# id heading
  2
  $# nsid cid dofx dofy dofz dofrx dofry dofrz
  2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
  *SET_NODE_LIST_TITLE
  Y
  $# sid da1 da2 da3 da4 solver its -
  *CONTACT_TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
  $# cid title
  $# surfa surfb surfatyp surfbtyp saboxid sbboxid sapr sbpr
  1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1
  $# fs fd dc vc vdc penchk bt dt
  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.01.00000E20
  $# sfsa sfsb sast sbst sfsat sfsbt fsf vsf
  1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
  *SET_SEGMENT_TITLE
  JACKET_INSIDE
  $# sid da1 da2 da3 da4 solver its -
  1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0MECH 0
  $# n1 n2 n3 n4 a1 a2 a3 a4
  *SET_SEGMENT_TITLE
  CORE_OUTSIDE
  $# sid da1 da2 da3 da4 solver its -
  2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0MECH 0
  $# n1 n2 n3 n4 a1 a2 a3 a4
  *CONTACT_ERODING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
  $# cid title
  $# surfa surfb surfatyp surfbtyp saboxid sbboxid sapr sbpr
  3 1 2 2 0 0 1 1
  $# fs fd dc vc vdc penchk bt dt
  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.01.00000E20
  $# sfsa sfsb sast sbst sfsat sfsbt fsf vsf
  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  $# isym erosop iadj
  1 1 1
  $# soft sofscl lcidab maxpar sbopt depth bsort frcfrq
  2 0.1 0 1.025 2 2 0 1
  *SET_PART_LIST_TITLE
  CONTAINER
  $# sid da1 da2 da3 da4 solver
  3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0MECH
  $# pid1 pid2 pid3 pid4 pid5 pid6 pid7 pid8
  1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
  *SET_PART_LIST_TITLE
  BULLET
  $# sid da1 da2 da3 da4 solver
  1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0MECH
  $# pid1 pid2 pid3 pid4 pid5 pid6 pid7 pid8
  3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
  *HOURGLASS
  $# hgid ihq qm ibq q1 q2 qb/vdc qw
  1 6 0.1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *MAT_ADD_EROSION_TITLE
  cu
  $# mid excl mxpres mneps effeps voleps numfip ncs
  4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 1.0
  $# mnpres sigp1 sigvm mxeps epssh sigth impulse failtm
  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *MAT_ADD_EROSION_TITLE
  al
  $# mid excl mxpres mneps effeps voleps numfip ncs
  3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0
  $# mnpres sigp1 sigvm mxeps epssh sigth impulse failtm
  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *MAT_ADD_EROSION_TITLE
  ti
  $# mid excl mxpres mneps effeps voleps numfip ncs
  5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0
  $# mnpres sigp1 sigvm mxeps epssh sigth impulse failtm
  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *MAT_NULL_TITLE
  AIRIN(10Mpa)
  $# mid ro pc mu terod cerod ym pr
  11.2250E-10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *MAT_NULL_TITLE
  AIROUT(0.1Mpa)
  $# mid ro pc mu terod cerod ym pr
  21.2250E-12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *MAT_JOHNSON_COOK_TITLE
  AL
  $# mid ro g e pr dtf vp rateop
  32.80000E-9 26700.0 63950.0 0.33 0.0 0.0 0.0
  $# a b n c m tm tr epso
  602.5 732.1 0.753 0.014 1.015 878.0 293.0 1.0
  $# cp pc spall it d1/beta d2/wc d3/dc d4/gamma
  8.750000E8 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.22 0.12 2.8 0.0
  $# d5c2/p/xnp/d erod efmin numint k eps1 dmodel
  0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *MAT_JOHNSON_COOK_TITLE
  CU
  $# mid ro g e pr dtf vp rateop
  48.96000E-9 13700.0 117000.0 0.34 0.0 0.0 0.0
  $# a b n c m tm tr epso
  90.0 292.0 0.31 0.025 1.09 1356.0 293.0 1.0
  $# cp pc spall it d1/beta d2/wc d3/dc d4/gamma
  3.830000E8 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.54 0.0 0.0 0.0
  $# d5c2/p/xnp/d erod efmin numint k eps1 dmodel
  0.0 0.0 1.01.00000E-6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *MAT_JOHNSON_COOK_TITLE
  Ti
  $# mid ro g e pr dtf vp rateop
  54.40000E-9 419000.0 114000.0 0.33 0.0 0.0 0.0
  $# a b n c m tm tr epso
  1098.0 1092.0 0.93 0.014 1.115 1878.0 293.0 1.0
  $# cp pc spall it d1/beta d2/wc d3/dc d4/gamma
  5.600000E8 0.0 3.0 0.0 -0.09 0.25 -0.5 0.014
  $# d5c2/p/xnp/d erod efmin numint k eps1 dmodel
  3.87 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  *INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY
  $# fmsid fmidtyp bammg ntrace
  10 1 1 3
  $# conttyp fillopt fammg vx vy vz - -
  6 0 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
  $# x0 y0 z0 r0 - - - -
  0.0 0.0 0.0 104.0
  *INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
  $# id styp omega vx vy vz ivatn icid
  1 1 0.0 0.0 -800000.0 0.0 0 0
  $# xc yc zc nx ny nz phase irigid
  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
  *DEFINE_CURVE
  $# lcid sidr sfa sfo offa offo dattyp lcint
  1 0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
  $# a1 o1
  0.0 0.0
  0.2 150.0
  *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH
  $# mshid dpid nbid ebid - - - tdeath
  1 10 0 0 1.00000E16
  $# cpidx cpidy cpidz nid0 lcsid
  1 2 3 0 0
  *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH_CONTROL_POINTS
  $# cpid - icase sfo - offo
  1 0 1.0 0.0
  $# n x ratio/xl
  1 -120.0 0.0
  61 0.0 0.0
  *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH_CONTROL_POINTS
  $# cpid - icase sfo - offo
  2 0 1.0 0.0
  $# n x ratio/xl
  1 -120.0 0.0
  141 160.0 0.0
  *ALE_STRUCTURED_MESH_CONTROL_POINTS
  $# cpid - icase sfo - offo
  3 0 1.0 0.0
  $# n x ratio/xl
  1 0.0 0.0
  61 120.0 0.0
  *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_PART
  $# pid
  21
  22
  *ALE_STRUCTURED_FSI
  $# lstrsid alesid lstrstyp alestyp - - - mcoup
  2 10 1 1 -2
  $# start end pfac fric ilvl flip decay offset
  0.01.00000E10 -1 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0
  *ALE_STRUCTURED_FSI
  $# lstrsid alesid lstrstyp alestyp - - - mcoup
  1 10 1 1 -2
  $# start end pfac fric ilvl flip decay offset
  0.01.00000E10 -1 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0
  *ALE_STRUCTURED_FSI
  $# lstrsid alesid lstrstyp alestyp - - - mcoup
  1 10 0 1 -2
  $# start end pfac fric ilvl flip decay offset
  0.01.00000E10 -1 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0
  *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL_TITLE
  AIRIN
  $# eosid c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6
  1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0
  $# e0 v0
  25.0 1.0
  *EOS_GRUNEISEN_TITLE
  AL
  $# eosid c s1 s2 s3 gamma0 a e0
  2 5328000 1.388 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.47 0.0
  $# v0 - lcid
  1.0 0
  *EOS_GRUNEISEN_TITLE
  CU
  $# eosid c s1 s2 s3 gamma0 a e0
  3 3940000 1.4989 0.0 0.0 2.02 0.0 0.0
  $# v0 - lcid
  1.0 0
  *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL_TITLE
  AIROUT
  $# eosid c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6
  4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0
  $# e0 v0
  0.25 1.0
  *EOS_GRUNEISEN_TITLE
  TI
  $# eosid c s1 s2 s3 gamma0 a e0
  5 5130000 1.028 0.0 0.0 1.23 0.17 0.0
  $# v0 - lcid
  1.0 0
  *PART
  $# title
  CONTAINER_OUTSIDE
  $# pid secid mid eosid hgid grav adpopt tmid
  1 1 5 5 1 0 0 0
  *SECTION_SOLID_TITLE
  SOLID
  $# secid elform aet - - - cohoff gaskett
  1 1 0 0.0 0.0
  *PART
  $# title
  CONTAINER_INSIDE
  $# pid secid mid eosid hgid grav adpopt tmid
  2 1 5 5 1 0 0 0
  *PART
  $# title
  JACKET
  $# pid secid mid eosid hgid grav adpopt tmid
  3 1 4 3 1 0 0 0
  *PART
  $# title
  CORE
  $# pid secid mid eosid hgid grav adpopt tmid
  4 1 3 2 1 0 0 0
  *PART
  $# title
  AMMG1(AIROUT)
  $# pid secid mid eosid hgid grav adpopt tmid
  21 2 2 4 0 0 0 0
  *SECTION_SOLID_TITLE
  SALE
  $# secid elform aet - - - cohoff gaskett
  2 11 0 0.0 0.0
  *PART
  $# title
  AMMG2(AIRIN)
  $# pid secid mid eosid hgid grav adpopt tmid
  22 2 1 1 0 0 0 0
  *SET_PART_LIST_TITLE
  SOLID
  $# sid da1 da2 da3 da4 solver
  2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0MECH
  $# pid1 pid2 pid3 pid4 pid5 pid6 pid7 pid8
  1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0
  *SET_MULTI_MATERIAL_GROUP_TITLE
  AIROUT
  $# ammsid
  1
  $# ammgid1 ammgid2 ammgid3 ammgid4 ammgid5 ammgid6 ammgid7 ammgid8
  1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  *SET_MULTI_MATERIAL_GROUP_TITLE
  AIRIN
  $# ammsid
  2
  $# ammgid1 ammgid2 ammgid3 ammgid4 ammgid5 ammgid6 ammgid7 ammgid8
  2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  *SET_MULTI_MATERIAL_GROUP_TITLE
  ALE(ALL)
  $# ammsid
  3
  $# ammgid1 ammgid2 ammgid3 ammgid4 ammgid5 ammgid6 ammgid7 ammgid8
  1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
  *END
- June 22, 2026 at 6:24 am
  
  ErKo
  Ansys Employee
  
  Hello,
  Synopsys employees cannot answer this query. Please wait for other forum members to chime in.
  Thanks and Regards,
  Erko
- June 24, 2026 at 7:22 am
  
  Dennis Chen
  Subscriber
  
  Hello, I am actually thinking about doing something like this over the weekend for my youtube channel (the SALE version of load_blast_enhanced) so I may have a more detailed example later that may be helpful to you. The keyword you shared doesn't let me see any *mesh or *nodes so I cannot see it inside LSPP but if you are willing to share the full input file, my email is zchen6@gatech.edu.
  I believe the error message above is not indicative of anything other than that the solver crashed. If there's a potentially useful generic troubleshooting process here, it would be to try to remove certain aspect of the models one by one until you can proceed past this point and narrow down to where the problem is coming from.

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LS Dyna

use the SALE method to simulate the penetration of a spherical high-pressure gas

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