Is the OS set to English?
Open the install.log using notepad.
The last file in the image you sent.
Do you see any errors listed in that file.
If you open a dos command prompt and run the following:
”C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\ANSYS Student\v242\fluent\ntbin\win64\fluent.exe” -r24.2.0 -shortcut
Does it open the Fluent launcher as seen below 
If running from Workbench Component Systems, are you choosing:
Fluent(with Fluent Meshing)
You are navigating away from the AIS Discovery experience