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Your explanation makes sense!
First I tried to only reduce the element size for the four bolts down to 5 mm. This seemed to work fine - the analysis converged to a solution without any warnings. However, I noticed that two of the bolt sleeves still "flew away" when looking at the deformation animation. This seems a bit strange, considering that the analysis did not show any warnings indicating rigid body motion.
I also tried using your suggestion for the number of substeps for both the load steps, in addition to the now reduced bolt element size. This resulted in many pivot warnings and the analysis not converging to a solution.
Before I got your answer I also tried using "adjust to touch" for the interface treatment in the contact definition. Doing this, the analysis converged to a solution. However, I am not quite sure what this setting does so I'm not fully confident that these results are valid. I think this setting closes the gaps between the bolts and the bolt holes. Is this correct?
Am I doing something wrong here?