When using the DPM model for evaporation-boiling analysis, the temperature may become unphysical. The solution below will outline the calculation treatments of particles and ways to improve the calculation.
A solid, droplet, and bubble are considered particles, and the trajectory is calculated using the Lagrangian method for each particle. The motion of the particle is calculated using the forces exerted on the particle.
The fluid is solved by the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation. Since individual trajectories are not tracked for all particles, the particles are divided into several parcels and the trajectory of one droplet represents a parcel when calculated.
For more details, refer to the following document.